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2. ^ "Animals". Merriam-Webster's. Retrieved 16 May 2010. "2 a : one of the lower animals as distinguished from human beings b : mammal; broadly : vertebrate"
3. ^ "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (Forth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.
4. ^ National Zoo. "Panda Classroom". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
5. ^ Jennifer Bergman. "Heterotrophs". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
6. ^ Douglas AE, Raven JA, AE (2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles". Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 358(1429): 5–17; discussion 517–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188.PMC 1693093. PMID 12594915.
7. ^ Davidson, Michael W.. "Animal Cell Structure". Retrieved September 20, 2007.
8. ^ Saupe, S.G. "Concepts of Biology". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
9. ^ Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology(2, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48.ISBN 9780764139208.
10. ^ a b c Adam-Carr, Christine; Hayhoe, Christy; Hayhoe, Douglas; Hayhoe, Katharine (2010). Science Perspectives 10. Nelson Education Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-17-635528-9.
11. ^ Gero HIllmer; Ulrich Lehmann (1983). Fossil Invertebrates. CUP Archive. p. 54. ISBN 9780521270281.
12. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4 ed.). New York: Garland Science.
13. ^ Sangwal, Keshra (2007). Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications. John Wiley and Sons. p. 212.ISBN 9780470061534.
14. ^ Becker, Wayne M. (1991). The world of the cell. Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 9780805308709.
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16. ^ Knobil, Ernst (1998). Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780122270208.
17. ^ Schwartz, Jill (2010). Master the GED 2011 (w/CD). Peterson's. p. 371. ISBN 9780768928853.
18. ^ Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009). Population genetics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. ISBN 9781405132770.
19. ^ Adiyodi, K. G.; Roger N. Hughes, Rita G. Adiyodi (2002).Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Progress in Asexual Reproduction, Volume 11. Wiley. p. 116.
20. ^ Kaplan (2008). GRE exam subject test. Kaplan Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 9781419552182.
21. ^ Tmh (2006). Study Package For Medical College Entrance Examinations. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.22. ISBN 9780070616370.
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26. ^ Romoser, William S.; J. G. Stoffolano (1998). The science of entomology. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156. ISBN 9780697228482.
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30. ^ predation. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
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32. ^ Allen, Larry Glen; Daniel J. Pondella, Michael H. Horn (2006).Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters. University of California Press. p. 428. ISBN 9780520246539.
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36. ^ New scientist (IPC Magazines) 152 (2050–2055): 105. 1996.
37. ^ Castro, Peter; Michael E. Huber (2007). Marine Biology (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376. ISBN 9780077221249.
38. ^ Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever, smh.com.au
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40. ^ Richard R. Behringer, Alexander D. Johnson, Robert E. Krumlauf, Michael K. Levine, Nipam Patel, Neelima Sinha, ed. (2008).Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, Volume 1(illustrated ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 1.ISBN 9780879698720.
41. ^ Hall, Brian Keith; Benedikt Hallgrímsson, Monroe W. Strickberger (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 278.ISBN 9780763700669.
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44. ^ Costa, James T.; Charles Darwin (2009). The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780674032811.
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54. ^ Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970). Biosphere; a study of life. Prentice-Hall. p. 428.
55. ^ Sharma, N. S. (2005). Continuity And Evolution Of Animals. Mittal Publications. p. 106. ISBN 9788182930186.
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59. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523.ISBN 9780852299616.
60. ^ Kotpal, R. L.. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications. p. 184. ISBN 9788171339037.
61. ^ Peters, Kenneth E.; Clifford C. Walters, J. Michael Moldowan (2005). The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history. Cambridge University Press. p. 717. ISBN 9780521837620.
62. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.ISBN 9780852299616.
63. ^ Valentine, James W. (July 1997). "Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life". PNAS (The National Academy of Sciences) 94: 8001–8005.
64. ^ Hyde, Kenneth (2004). Zoology: An Inside View of Animals. Kendall Hunt. p. 345. ISBN 9780757509971.
65. ^ Alcamo, Edward (1998). Biology Coloring Workbook. The Princeton Review. p. 220. ISBN 9780679778844.
66. ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). The First Vertebrates. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9780816059584.
67. ^ Rice, Stanley A. (2007). Encyclopedia of evolution. Infobase Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9780816055159.
68. ^ Tobin, Allan J.; Jennie Dusheck (2005). Asking about life. Cengage Learning. p. 497. ISBN 9780534406530.
69. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 19. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 791.ISBN 9780852299616.
70. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381.ISBN 9780618619160.
71. ^ Prewitt, Nancy L.; Larry S. Underwood, William Surver (2003).BioInquiry: making connections in biology. John Wiley. p. 289.ISBN 9780471202288.
72. ^ Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998). Parasites in social insects. Princeton University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780691059242.
73. ^ a b Gilson, Étienne (2004). El espíritu de la filosofía medieval. Ediciones Rialp. p. 384. ISBN 9788432134920.
74. ^ Ruiz-Trillo, I., I; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Riutort, Marta; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Herniou, Elisabeth A.; Baguñà, Jaume (1999). "Acoel Flatworms: Earliest Extant Bilaterian Metazoans, Not Members of Platyhelminthes". Science 283 (5409): 1919–1923. Bibcode1999Sci...283.1919R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5409.1919.PMID 10082465.
75. ^ Todaro, Antonio. "Gastrotricha: Overview". Gastrotricha: World Portal. University of Modena & Reggio Emilia. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
76. ^ Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (2002). "An Introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology 42 (3): 641–651. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.641.
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83. ^ Passamaneck, Yale J. (2003). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Metazoan Clade Lophotrochozoa" (PDF). p. 124.
84. ^ Sundberg, P; Turbeville, JM; Lindh, S; Sundberg, Per; Turbevilleb, J. M.; Lindha, Susanne (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships among higher nemertean (Nemertea) taxa inferred from 18S rDNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0982. PMID 11527461.
85. ^ Boore, JL; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Staton, Joseph L (2002). "The mitochondrial genome of the Sipunculid Phascolopsis gouldii supports its association with Annelida rather than Mollusca"(PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (2): 127–137.PMID 11801741. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
86. ^ Nielsen, Claus (2001). "Bryozoa (Ectoprocta: ‘Moss’ Animals)".Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd).doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001613. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
87. ^ N.H. Putnam, et al. (2007). "Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization".Science 317 (5834): 86–94. Bibcode 2007Sci...317...86P.doi:10.1126/science.1139158. PMID 17615350.
88. ^ Wang, X., X; Wang, Xiujuan; Lavrov Dennis V. (2006-10-27)."Mitochondrial Genome of the homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae) Reveals Unexpected Complexity in the Common Ancestor of Sponges and Other Animals". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (2): 363–373.doi:10.1093/molbev/msl167. PMID 17090697.
89. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1758) (in Latin). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). Retrieved September 22, 2008.
2. ^ "Animals". Merriam-Webster's. Retrieved 16 May 2010. "2 a : one of the lower animals as distinguished from human beings b : mammal; broadly : vertebrate"
3. ^ "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (Forth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.
4. ^ National Zoo. "Panda Classroom". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
5. ^ Jennifer Bergman. "Heterotrophs". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
6. ^ Douglas AE, Raven JA, AE (2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles". Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 358(1429): 5–17; discussion 517–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188.PMC 1693093. PMID 12594915.
7. ^ Davidson, Michael W.. "Animal Cell Structure". Retrieved September 20, 2007.
8. ^ Saupe, S.G. "Concepts of Biology". Retrieved September 30, 2007.
9. ^ Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology(2, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48.ISBN 9780764139208.
10. ^ a b c Adam-Carr, Christine; Hayhoe, Christy; Hayhoe, Douglas; Hayhoe, Katharine (2010). Science Perspectives 10. Nelson Education Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-17-635528-9.
11. ^ Gero HIllmer; Ulrich Lehmann (1983). Fossil Invertebrates. CUP Archive. p. 54. ISBN 9780521270281.
12. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4 ed.). New York: Garland Science.
13. ^ Sangwal, Keshra (2007). Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications. John Wiley and Sons. p. 212.ISBN 9780470061534.
14. ^ Becker, Wayne M. (1991). The world of the cell. Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 9780805308709.
15. ^ Magloire, Kim (2004). Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition. The Princeton Review. p. 45. ISBN 9780375763939.
16. ^ Knobil, Ernst (1998). Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780122270208.
17. ^ Schwartz, Jill (2010). Master the GED 2011 (w/CD). Peterson's. p. 371. ISBN 9780768928853.
18. ^ Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009). Population genetics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. ISBN 9781405132770.
19. ^ Adiyodi, K. G.; Roger N. Hughes, Rita G. Adiyodi (2002).Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Progress in Asexual Reproduction, Volume 11. Wiley. p. 116.
20. ^ Kaplan (2008). GRE exam subject test. Kaplan Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 9781419552182.
21. ^ Tmh (2006). Study Package For Medical College Entrance Examinations. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.22. ISBN 9780070616370.
22. ^ Ville, Claude Alvin; Warren Franklin Walker, Robert D. Barnes (1984). General zoology. Saunders College Pub. p. 467.ISBN 9780030624513.
23. ^ Hamilton, William James; James Dixon Boyd, Harland Winfield Mossman (1945). Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function). Williams & Wilkins. p. 330.
24. ^ Philips, Joy B. (1975). Development of vertebrate anatomy. Mosby. p. 176. ISBN 9780801639272.
25. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10. Encyclopedia Americana Corp.. 1918. p. 281.
26. ^ Romoser, William S.; J. G. Stoffolano (1998). The science of entomology. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156. ISBN 9780697228482.
27. ^ Rastogi, V. B. (1997). Modern Biology. Pitambar Publishing. p. 3.ISBN 9788120904965.
28. ^ Levy, Charles K. (1973). Elements of Biology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 108. ISBN 9780390556271.
29. ^ Begon, M., Townsend, C., Harper, J. (1996). Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities (Third edition). Blackwell Science, London. ISBN 0-86542-845-X, ISBN 0-632-03801-2, ISBN 0-632-04393-8.
30. ^ predation. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
31. ^ Marchetti, Mauro; Victoria Rivas (2001). Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment. Taylor & Francis. p. 84.ISBN 9789058093448.
32. ^ Allen, Larry Glen; Daniel J. Pondella, Michael H. Horn (2006).Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters. University of California Press. p. 428. ISBN 9780520246539.
33. ^ Clutterbuck, Peter (2000). Understanding Science: Upper Primary. Blake Education. p. 9. ISBN 9781865091709.
34. ^ Gupta, P.K.. Genetics Classical To Modern. Rastogi Publications. p. 26. ISBN 9788171338962.
35. ^ Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles M. (2010). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. p. 535. ISBN 9780495109358.
36. ^ New scientist (IPC Magazines) 152 (2050–2055): 105. 1996.
37. ^ Castro, Peter; Michael E. Huber (2007). Marine Biology (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376. ISBN 9780077221249.
38. ^ Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever, smh.com.au
39. ^ Campbell, Niel A. (1990). Biology (2 ed.). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.. p. 560. ISBN 9780805318005.
40. ^ Richard R. Behringer, Alexander D. Johnson, Robert E. Krumlauf, Michael K. Levine, Nipam Patel, Neelima Sinha, ed. (2008).Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, Volume 1(illustrated ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 1.ISBN 9780879698720.
41. ^ Hall, Brian Keith; Benedikt Hallgrímsson, Monroe W. Strickberger (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 278.ISBN 9780763700669.
42. ^ Hamilton, Gina. Kingdoms of Life – Animals (ENHANCED eBook). Lorenz Educational Press. p. 9. ISBN 9781429116107.
43. ^ a b Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan et al (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience 3 (9): 653. Bibcode 2010NatGe...3..653M.doi:10.1038/ngeo934.
44. ^ Costa, James T.; Charles Darwin (2009). The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780674032811.
45. ^ Schopf, J. William (1999). Evolution!: facts and fallacies. Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780126288605.
46. ^ Milsom, Clare; Sue Rigby (2009). Fossils at a Glance. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781405193368.
47. ^ Campbell. Neil A.; Jane B. Reece (2005). Biology (7 ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526. ISBN 9780805371710.
48. ^ Seilacher, A., Bose, P.K. and Pflüger, F., A (1998). "Animals More Than 1 Billion Years Ago: Trace Fossil Evidence from India".Science 282 (5386): 80–83. Bibcode 1998Sci...282...80S.doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.80. PMID 9756480.
49. ^ Matz, MV; Frank, TM; Marshall, NJ; Widder, EA; Johnsen, S; Tamara M. Frank, N. Justin Marshall, Edith A. Widder and Sonke Johnsen (2008). "Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces". Current Biology 18 (23): 1–6.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028. PMID 19026540. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
50. ^ Reilly, Michael (2008-11-20). "Single-celled giant upends early evolution". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
51. ^ Ryan JF, Pang K; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Mullikin JC, Martindale MQ, Baxevanis AD (2010) The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyisuggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. Evodevo 1(1):9
52. ^ Bhamrah, H. S.; Kavita Juneja (2003). An Introduction to Porifera. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. p. 58. ISBN 9788126106752.
53. ^ Sumich, James L. (2008). Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67.ISBN 9780763757304.
54. ^ Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970). Biosphere; a study of life. Prentice-Hall. p. 428.
55. ^ Sharma, N. S. (2005). Continuity And Evolution Of Animals. Mittal Publications. p. 106. ISBN 9788182930186.
56. ^ McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology: MET-NIC., Volume 11 (8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1997. p. 59.ISBN 9780079115041. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
57. ^ Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, et al. (April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–9. doi:10.1038/nature06614.PMID 18322464.
58. ^ Langstroth, Lovell; Libby Langstroth, Todd Newberry, Monterey Bay Aquarium (2000). A living bay: the underwater world of Monterey Bay. University of California Press. p. 244.ISBN 9780520221499.
59. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523.ISBN 9780852299616.
60. ^ Kotpal, R. L.. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications. p. 184. ISBN 9788171339037.
61. ^ Peters, Kenneth E.; Clifford C. Walters, J. Michael Moldowan (2005). The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history. Cambridge University Press. p. 717. ISBN 9780521837620.
62. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.ISBN 9780852299616.
63. ^ Valentine, James W. (July 1997). "Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life". PNAS (The National Academy of Sciences) 94: 8001–8005.
64. ^ Hyde, Kenneth (2004). Zoology: An Inside View of Animals. Kendall Hunt. p. 345. ISBN 9780757509971.
65. ^ Alcamo, Edward (1998). Biology Coloring Workbook. The Princeton Review. p. 220. ISBN 9780679778844.
66. ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). The First Vertebrates. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9780816059584.
67. ^ Rice, Stanley A. (2007). Encyclopedia of evolution. Infobase Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9780816055159.
68. ^ Tobin, Allan J.; Jennie Dusheck (2005). Asking about life. Cengage Learning. p. 497. ISBN 9780534406530.
69. ^ Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 19. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 791.ISBN 9780852299616.
70. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381.ISBN 9780618619160.
71. ^ Prewitt, Nancy L.; Larry S. Underwood, William Surver (2003).BioInquiry: making connections in biology. John Wiley. p. 289.ISBN 9780471202288.
72. ^ Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998). Parasites in social insects. Princeton University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780691059242.
73. ^ a b Gilson, Étienne (2004). El espíritu de la filosofía medieval. Ediciones Rialp. p. 384. ISBN 9788432134920.
74. ^ Ruiz-Trillo, I., I; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Riutort, Marta; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Herniou, Elisabeth A.; Baguñà, Jaume (1999). "Acoel Flatworms: Earliest Extant Bilaterian Metazoans, Not Members of Platyhelminthes". Science 283 (5409): 1919–1923. Bibcode1999Sci...283.1919R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5409.1919.PMID 10082465.
75. ^ Todaro, Antonio. "Gastrotricha: Overview". Gastrotricha: World Portal. University of Modena & Reggio Emilia. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
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